Torque physics

In physics, when an external force is applied on the body, the body gets tendency to rotate over an axis called torque.Torque physics is considered as a vector quantity over an axis of rotation. The multiplication of the force magnitude and the perpendicular distance of the line. Torque is mainly for change the state of rotation. The other name of torque is a moment of force.

Torque is a measure of how much a force acting on an object causes that object to rotate. The object rotates about an axis, which we will call the pivot point, and will label 'O'. We will call the force 'F'. The distance from the pivot point to the point where the force acts is called the moment arm, and is denoted by 'r'. Note that this distance, 'r', is also a vector, and points from the axis of rotation to the point where the force acts

The concept of torque, also called moment or couple, originated with the work of Archimedes on levers.

The rotational analogues of force, mass, and acceleration are torque, moment of inertia, and angular acceleration respectively.

The force applied to a lever, multiplied by its distance from the lever's fulcrum, is the torque. For example, a force of three newtons applied two metres from the fulcrum exerts the same torque as one newton applied six metres from the fulcrum.

In our next blog we shall learn about gravity equation

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Alkenes

Let us learn about "alkenes"

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons which contains a carbon - carbon double bond. these are also called olefins. They contain two hydrogens less than the alkanes.

Introduction to preparation of alkenes

The general formula of alkenes is C₂H_2n Carbon at the double bond shows Sp₂ hybridization in these compounds. Due to the presence of double bond alkenes are more reactive when compared to alkanes. Alkenes undergo addition reaction with number of reagents.

Alkenes are a class of unsaturated hydrocarbons with general formula C_nH_2n.

Their structural formula shows presence of at least one C=C. Each of these carbons is sp2 hybridised by which there will be present a carbon carbon single bond which is a sigma bond and a carbon carbon double bond or pi bond which is a weak bond. Being sp2 hybridised each carbon is having a trigonal planar geometry.

Alkenes are also called OLEFINS because they form oily liquids on reaction with chlorine gas.

The example compounds of ethene or ethylene and pentene are shown on the LEFT.

Alkenes are the raw materials for a number of plastics such as polyethylene, PVC, polypropylene, and polystyrene.

In our next blog we shall learn about "heterogeneous mixture"

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polarity of water

Let us learn about "polarity of water"

Approximately 65% of the human individual mass is water. The brain, for example, has around 90% of water in mass, the muscles, 85%, and the bones have between 25% and 40% of water.

Bottom of Form

In the Earth's biosphere, water is essential to all forms of life. Interestingly, it is also the biospheres most abundant compound and a unique substance from the chemical point of view.

Polarity of water molecule

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, being only second to fluorine in its electronegativity. Its high electronegativity causes the oxygen atom to pull the shared pairs of electrons more towards itself. As a result, the O-H bond acquires polarity. Since the two O-H bonds in water are inclined at an angle, hence the net dipole moment of water molecule is not zero. The actual dipole moment of water molecule is 1.84 debye, (denoted as D) is the unit of dipole moments.

Polarity is charge inequality on two ends of any molecule. Due to the unequal distribution of electrons in water molecule, one part of the molecule is more negatively charged than the other part. This is caused by the property of 'electronegativity', which can be defined as ability of an element to attract electrons. If the atoms that make up a molecule have different electronegativities, that differ substantially, they attract electrons unequally, causing polarity. This polarity has a large impact on the properties of water. Here are some of the properties of water that can be attributed to its polar nature.

In our next blog we shall learn about where do stem cells come from

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