abiotic factors of the desert

Let us learn about abiotic factors of the desert

Deserts are always hot & dry. The abiotic factors of such an ecosystem include soil, sunlight, temperature, air and water. The scarcity of water, winds, high temperature, heat & land covered with sand makes the habitat fit to those kinds of animals which can survive such extreme climatic conditions. Hence, we mostly find animals like scorpions, camels, sand boa, lizards, insects, coyotes, & eagles. A few plants like cactus & other species of succulent plants which are adapted to hot & dry conditions are found in the deserts.

Abiotic factors are nonliving things which shape an organism's environment. These can include temperature, moisture, air currents, light, etc. In a desert biome: hot temperature, little precipitation, amounts of sun, lack of humidity, wind.

Some of the deserts in world are Sahara desert, Arabian desert, Gobi desert, Thar desert, Atacama, & Kalahari desert to name a few

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lewis acids and bases

Let us learn about lewis acids and bases

When a Lewis base reacts with Lewis acid, a covalent bond is produced.

Best example, CO₂ Lewis acid reacts with OH^- Lewis base to give HCO₃^- bicarbonate ion, BF₃ boron trifluoride behaves as a Lewis acid & NH₃ ammonia as a Lewis base.

Calcium oxide (CaO) behaves as a Lewis base, & sulphur trioxide (SO₃) as a Lewis acid in the reaction between the 2.

CaO + SO3 ------------------> CaSO4

Lewis Lewis Calcium

Base acid sulphate

The Lewis concept of acids & bases suffers from the following limitations.

• It fails to account for the relative strength of bases & acids, as it is not based on ionization.

• An acid-base reaction essence an electron-transfer reaction should be pretty fast. Hence, many Lewis acid-base reactions are slow.

In our next blog we shall learn about transpiration excessive I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.

chalcogens

Let us learn about chalcogens

The chalcogens are referred as the chemical elements in group sixteen of the periodic table. This group is also called as the oxygen family. Chalcogens consists of the elements oxygen (O), selenium (Se), sulfur (S), tellurium (Te), the radioactive element polonium (Po), & the synthetic element ununhexium (Uuh).

Oxygen, selenium, sulphur, tellurium & polonium constitute the group 16 of the periodic table of elements. The 1st 4 elements are collectively known as CHALCOGENS.

In our next blog we shall learn about chemical reaction calculator I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.

what is soil erosion

Let us learn about what is soil erosion?

Erosion is refers to a natural process, but Soil erosion has been increased dramatically by human land use, especially industrial agriculture, deforestation, & urban sprawl

Soil erosion occurs when the soil is blown away by the wind or washed away by the rain. Soil erosion is common in region with steep slopes, where trees & plants have been cut down, in droughts when crops & other vegetation grow poorly & in rural areas which are overpopulated.

Soil erosion can be stopped by building terraces on hillsides, irrigation schemes to overcome droughts, planting more & more trees to bind the soil together & make wind breaks, & using fertilizers in overpopulated areas to make the soil more fertile. It is important that the farming techniques applied do not damage the structure of the soil, as this makes it easily eroded. A good farming technique consists of contour ploughing, crop rotation and keeping the soil rich in humus.

In our next blog we shall learn about elements compounds and mixtures I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.

beam balance

Let us learn about beam balance

Beam balance is used in many stores to measure masses very precisely; the reading error is 0.05 gram.

The physical balance used in the science laboratory is pivoted in the middle with equal arms. The 2 scale pans of equal weights are dangled from the upper edge of wedge shaped supports at either end of the beam. When the beam is increased for weighing, it swings freely about the lower edge of a wedge shaped support in the center. The position the balance is in equilibrium.

Therefore l₁ = l₂ & m₁ = m₂, according to the principle of moments,

m₁ x l₁ = m₂ x l₂

Now let us place a mass of 1 kg in 1 pan & an unknown mass 'x' on the other pan so that the balance is in equilibrium.

then, (m₁ + x) l₁ = (m₂ + 1) l₂

As m₁ = m₂ and l₁ = l₂ Therefore x = 1 kg

In our next blog we shall learn about nonmetals I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.

exothermic reaction

Let us learn about exothermic reaction

An exothermic reaction is referred as a chemical reaction which releases energy in the form of heat. Exothermic reaction is the opposite of an endothermic reaction. The chemical reaction in that heat is evolved is known as exothermic reaction.

Many chemical reactions release energy in the form of light, heat, or sound. These are called as exothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions may generate spontaneously & result in higher randomness or entropy (ΔS > 0) of the system. Exothermic reaction is denoted by a negative heat flow & decrease in enthalpy (ΔH <>

Bond breaking always needs energy while bond making always release energy. The balance between 2 processes result in 2 types of reactions exothermic & endothermic reaction. When the energy generated by bond forming is greater than the energy consumed by bond breaking there is a net generate of chemical energy. This type of reaction is known exothermic reaction.

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list of organic compounds

Let us find list of organic compounds

An organic compound is 1 of the chemical compounds which the molecules contain carbon. Otherwise, organic compounds are referred as the compounds of carbon commonly containing carbon-carbon bonds.

list of organic compounds are follows

· Acyl/acid chlorides

· Cycloalkanes

· Cycloalkenes

· Annulenes

· Sulfides

· Sulfates

· Hydrochlorides

· Esters

· Ethers

· Sugars

· Cyanates

· Isocyanates

· Cyanides

· Cyanohydrins

· Fullerenes

· Phenols

· Phenyls and benzyls

In our next blog we shall learn about phosphorus cycle diagram I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.

properties of ionic compounds

Let us learn about properties of ionic compounds

Ionic compounds are generally defined as being compounds where 2 or more ions are held next to each other by electrical attraction. 1 of the ions has a positive charge called a "cation" & the other has a negative charge "anion". Cation is usually metal atoms & anions are either nonmetals or polyatomic ions. Think back to grade 12 school: The same thing that makes the positive & negative ends of a magnet stick to each other is what makes cation & anions stick to each other.

All most all ionic compounds form crystals

Ionic compounds tend to have high melting points & boiling points

Ionic compounds are very brittle & very hard

Ionic compounds organize electricity when they dissolve in water

In our next blog we shall learn about thermodynamics equations I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.

born-haber cycle

Let us learn about born-haber cycle

The Born–Haber cycle is referred as an approach to analyzing reaction energies. Born-haber cycle was named after & developed by the 2 German scientists Max Born & Fritz Haber.

The Born–Haber cycle include the formation of an ionic compound from the reaction of a metal often a Group I or Group II element with a non-metal. Born–Haber cycles are applied primarily as a means of calculating lattice enthalpies that cannot otherwise be measured directly.

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importance of chemistry

Let us learn about importance of chemistry

Chemistry has a reputation for being a complicated & boring science, but for the most part, that reputation is undeserved. Fireworks & explosions are based only on chemistry, so it's definitely not a boring science.

Chemistry is refers as science which deals with the properties of organic & inorganic substances & their interactions with other organic & inorganic substances.

We use chemicals every day life & perform chemical reactions without thinking much about them. Chemistry is very important because everything we do is chemistry! Even our body is made of chemicals. Chemical reactions occur when we breathe, eat, or just sit there reading. All matter is made of chemicals; therefore the importance of chemistry is that it's the study of each & everything.

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properties of lithium

Let us learn about properties of lithium

Lithium is the 1st of the alkalis in the periodic table. In nature Lithium found like a mixture of the isotopes Li₆ and Li₇. Lithium is the lightest solid metal; Lithium is soft, silvery-white, with a low melting point & reactive. Many of Lithium’s physical & chemical properties are more similar to those of the alkaline earth metals than to those of Lithium’s own group.

Lithium is most commonly wheedling out from spodumene.

Lithium salts color flames bright red

Lithium is not used for structural applications

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physical properties of hydrogen

Let us learn about physical properties of hydrogen

Hydrogen is originated in the atmosphere at trace levels. Hydrogen is synthesized from hydrocarbons & from water where it constitutes the lightest fraction of the H2O molecule. Hydrogen gas cannot sustain any life.

1) Hydrogen is Colorless 2) Hydrogen is Highly flammable 3) Hydrogen is Light in weight 4) Density: 0.0899*10 -3 g.cm -3 at 20 °C 5) Melting point: - 259.2 °C 6) boiling point: - 252.8 °C 7) Pure hydrogen is a gas under normal conditions. 8) Hydrogen is diatomic & much lighter than air. 9) Hydrogen has such small mass that it can escape earth's gravitational pull and fly off into space. 10) The gas mixes well with air, explosive mixtures are very easily formed. 11) The Hydrogen is gas is lighter than air.

In our next blog we shall learn about balance general I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.

types of colloids

Let us learn about types of colloids

Colloids are mixtures whose particles are smaller than particles but larger than the size of a molecule which can be seen with the naked eye. Colloids are 1 of 3 major types of mixtures, the other 2 being solutions & suspensions. The 3 types of mixtures are distinguished by the size of the particles that make them up. The particles in a solution are about the size of molecules, approximately 1 nanometer 1 billionth of a meter in diameter. Those which make up suspensions are larger than 1,000 nanometers. Finally, colloidal particles range in size between 1 & 1,000 nanometers. Colloids are said to be as colloidal dispersions because the particles of which they are made are dispersed, or spread out, through the mixture.

Types of colloids

Some examples include mayonnaise, milk, butter, gelatin, jelly, whipped cream, muddy water, plaster, colored glass, & paper.

Every colloid consists of 2 parts: colloidal particles & the dispersing medium. The dispersing medium is the substance in that the colloidal particles are distributed. In muddy water, the best example, the colloidal particles are tiny grains of sand, clay & silt. The dispersing medium is the water in that these particles are suspended.

Colloids can be made from almost any combination of gas, solid & liquid. The particles of that the colloid is made are called the dispersed material. Any colloid consisting of a solid dispersed in a gas is said to be as smoke. A liquid dispersed in a gas is considered to as a fog.

Dispersing medium	Dispersed phase	Name
Solid	Solid	Solid sol
Solid	Liquid	Gel
Solid	Gas	Solid foam
Liquid	Solid	Sol
Liquid	Liquid	Emulsion
Liquid	Gas	Foam
Gas	Solid	Solid aerosol
Gas	Liquid	Aerosol

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valence shell

Let us learn about valence shell

The copper atom has only 1 electron. This represents that the copper atom has 1 electron that is near the outer portion of the atom. The outer shell of any atom is said to be as valence shell.

Valance shell electronic configuration which is the representation of the participation of electrons in orbits of atom.

The outermost shell of an atom is the valence shell that contains the electrons most likely to account for the nature of any reactions involving the atom & of the bonding interactions Valance shell has with other atoms. Electrons in the valence shell are termed as valence electrons

In our next blog we shall learn about jj thomson atomic model I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.

kingdom animalia

Let us learn about kingdom animalia

Each animal is the members of the Kingdom Animalia & also called Metazoa. This kingdom animalia does not contain the prokaryotes Kingdom Monera, includes bacteria, blue-green algae or the protists Kingdom Protista, and includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms. All members of the Animalia are multicellular, & all are heterotrophs which are, they rely directly or indirectly on other organisms for their nourishment. Most ingest food & digest it in an internal cavity.

With over 2 million different kinds of animals Kingdom Animalia is the biggest & largest of the kingdoms. But when we think of an "animal", what image comes to our mind? While animals like bears, fish, & birds are the most familiar to us, over half of all the animals on Earth belong to a group of animals known as "arthropods". Arthropods include animals such as centipedes, insects, crabs, & spiders. This means that the preponderance of animals come from a group of critters that give most folks the creeps!

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polythene pollution

Let us learn about polythene pollution

Polythene pollution has drastically disturbed human life style. Polythene material can be seen spread over in the neighborhood, in the streets, in the rivulets, river-banks of the small or big rivers. Many rivers all are covered with a thick layer of polythene material. Degradation of Polythene is a great challenge for us as the materials are increasingly used. The people do not know about the effects of improper waste disposal. People therefore ignore & dump the polythene bags carelessly. Strictly Emphasis should be put on the use of paper bags. This is because the paper bags are also light & they can easily decompose, Globalization has added to this problem in a big way. Electronic gadgets all are designed with a view to use & throw, because the repairs are costly. western countries like USA, Garbage disposal problem has reached a horrifying level. But they have developed a scrupulous (meticulous) system of garbage disposal with periodical review. Here in India we need to prepare ourselves for this gigantic onslaught of pollution. Enough is enough! We need to be disciplined & we must cultivate civic sense to save India from this disaster. In order to fight the menace of Polythene pollution, the Local Self Government institutions should support us.

• Plastic polythene bags should banned altogether or by levying tax on plastic bags, polythene pollution may be checked.
• Polythene materials may be considered for recycling. Very less fractions of polythene containers can be reused by recycling like polythene containers for milk, soft drink, milk products, & water bottles. People should be encouraged to use wax paper instead of polyethylene products, to use cloth or hemp or jute or paper bags instead of plastic bags.
• More public awareness has to be created educating, explaining about the harmful impact of polythene pollution.

In our next blog we shall learn about biology form 4 notes I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.

importance of biology

In our previous blog we learned about importance of physics & now let us learn about importance of biology

The biological disciplines imply a major responsibility for the protection & the welfare of all the living species. The knowledge about the diversity of life forms & their conservation-exploitation is very important for our day by day life.

Have you gotten sick some time? Yes, all we have got ill some times & in order that our doctor was able to accomplish a diagnosis from our illness, doctor had to be familiar with the normal organic functions that we consider within the homeostatic parameters. This normal state or homeostasis is only investigated by Biology.

The study on the unique of diseases & plagues is also answerable by means of Biology, for example the etiology of cancer functional problems, , infections, the damage to fruits, the pathologies of farm animals, plants, trees, etc.

Food resources & quality, factors that cause illnesses, sustainable exploitation of natural resources, plagues, the enhancement & development of useful species, the discovery & production of medicines. The study of the living beings, their inheritance, etc., all is fields of research through Biology.

In our next blog we shall learn about ostwald process I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.

conditional probability calculator

Let us learn about conditional probability calculator

Probability is the bane of the age,' said Moreland, now warming up. 'Every Tom, Dick, & Harry thinks he knows meaning of probable. The fact is most of the people have not the smallest idea what is going on round them. Their conclusions about life are depends on utterly irrelevant - and usually inaccurate - premises.

The probability of 7 when rolling 2 die is 1/6 (= 6/36) because the sample space includes of 36 equiprobable elementary outcomes of which 6 are favorable to the event of getting 7 as the sum of 2 die. Denote this event A: P (A) = 1/6.

Let us take another event B which is having at least one 2. There are 36 elementary outcomes of which 11 are favorable to B & therefore, P (B) = 11/36. We do not know whether B happens or not, but this is a legitimate question to inquire as to what happens if it does. More particularly, what happens to the probability of A under the assumption that B took place?

The hypothesis that “B” took place reduces the set of possible outcomes to 11. Of these, only 2 – 25& 52 - are favorable to “A”. Since this is logical to assume that the 11 elementary outcomes are equiprobable, the probability of “A” under the assumption that B took place equals 2/11. This probability is denoted P (A|B) - the probability of an assuming B: P (A|B) = 2/11. More explicitly P (A|B) is said to be as conditional probability of an assuming B. Of course, for any event A, P (A) = P (A|Ω), where, by convention, Ω is the universal event - the whole of the sample space - for which all available elementary outcomes are favorable.

In our next blog we shall learn about conditional probability distribution I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.

importance of carbohydrates

Let us learn about importance of carbohydrates

Glucose is the main source of energy that constantly replenished through simple carbohydrates. When there is a shortage of glucose the body accommodates into its glucose energy reserve to ensure adequate levels of blood sugar. Glucose is stored mostly in the liver & in smaller amounts in muscles as a molecule known as Glycogen. Glycogen is broken down & released into the blood stream. As the body continues to use its reserves, Glucose does so at the expense of proteins in the muscles, weakening them by damaging the muscle tissues, depriving the brain of its glucose requirement, & reducing levels of glucose in the red blood cells.

Fiber from the carbohydrates keeps the bowel functioning smooth & reduces the risk of digestive system complications. Preventing ketosis is another important cause to include carbohydrates in a healthy diet. Ketosis is a serious condition that occurs when our diet is very low in carbohydrates, resulting in raised levels of chemicals is said to be as ketones in the blood as the body turns to fat for energy. Carbohydrates also aid in consumption of other nutrients.

In our next blog we shall learn about comparative essay example I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.

help Probability calculator

Let us learn what help Probability calculator can assist

How is probability used in the real world?

Mathematical Probability calculator is all around us. For instance, Batting averages, tell us an estimation of how likely it is that any particular baseball player will get a hit. The numbers are applied to decide who is a better batter & how much baseball player are worth when it comes time to trade them or negotiate a new contract.

Lotteries are based on probability & whoever is running the lottery depends on knowing how many tickets they have to sell & the chances someone will win. They use this to decide how much money to pay out & how much profit they will keep.

Sunspots, Earthquakes & weather are all random appearing processes, but all can be analyzed using probability.

In our next blog we shall learn about equivalent fractions worksheets I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.

ionic equilibrium

Let us learn about ionic equilibrium

This kind of equilibrium is observed in substances which undergo ionization easily, or in polar substances in which ionization can be considered. Ionic & polar substances are more easily soluble in polar solvents due to ease of ionization taking place in the solvent medium. With the dissolution of ionic & polar substances in the solvent, these solutions become rich in mobile charge carriers (ions) & thus can conduct electricity. Substances, that are capable of conducting electricity are said to be as electrolytes while those substances which are non-conducting said to be as non-electrolytes.

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online physics help

Hi Friends!!!

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In our next blog we shall learn about mean and standard deviation I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.